Facebook And Mental Health: Is Social Media Hurting Or Helping?

Posted on Thu Nov 17th, 2016 at 2:00 pm

A Timely Read...Pertinent To Most All Of Us....from MentalHelp.Net.....

Facebook: A Growing Phenomenon

Social media permits users to connect to one another - to participate in a social network that includes friends, other connections, invites, updates, events, status updates, etc.

Facebook, the eponymous social networking site, has created novel ways for users to communicate, but has this been a good thing?

In recent years there have been an abundance of studies conducted by mental health professionals that focus on Facebook and social media use. Some of the highlights of that research are presented here to help us think about the question: Is social media hurting or helping?

Facebook: A Growing Phenomenon

Facebook and Social Media Statistics

The use of Facebook and social media has grown tremendously over the past ten years. Most people who use the internet utilize social media.

•95% of all teens (13-17 years of age) are online.
•81% of online teens frequent some type of social media, up from 55% of online teens in 2006.
•77% of online teens use Facebook.
•74% of adult internet users use social media, compared to just 8% ten years ago.

sns-by-age-over-timeThe time people spend on social media is substantial.
•An estimated 28% of all time online is spent on social networking.
•22% of teens log on to a social media site more than 10 times a day, and more than half of adolescents log on to a social media site more than once a day.
•In 2014 Facebook estimated that the average user spends 8.3 hours a month on the site.

Although there now are a number of social networking sites, Facebook continues to be the most popular.

social networking use

Facebook: Mental Health Benefits and Consequences

In recent years, a number of researchers have explored possible connections between the use of Facebook as well as other social networking sites and mental health. The research to date has provided mixed results.

Benefits to Mental Health

A number of arguments have been made to suggest that Facebook can be beneficial to mental health:

Argued Benefits to Mental Health
•Social connections reduce depression and anxiety.
•Facebook and social media can be helpful for people suffering from social anxiety as they provide the opportunity to develop social relationships on-line without the stress that face-to-face interactions provoke.7
•Facebook connectedness is associated with lower depression and anxiety and greater satisfaction with life.
•Facebook boasts numerous mutual support groups for people struggling with difficult circumstances; particularly useful for people who do not live in areas where meetings are scheduled or are more likely to participate in an online platform due to privacy concerns.

Consequences to Mental Health

Conversely, a number of studies emphasize the potentially negative consequences of sites like Facebook. They document the incidence of anxiety, depression, ADHD, eating disorders and addictions among users. Some of the major findings include:

Depression
•Cyberbullying increases risk of depression and anxiety in children.9

•Facebook can cause depression if the user makes negative comparisons between himself or herself and others.10
•Facebook use "predicts declines in subjective well-being: how people feel moment to moment and how satisfied they are with their lives."11
•Facebook can cause envy, which can lead to depression.12

ADHD
•Social media can increase symptoms of ADHD.13

Eating Disorders
•Body exposure on Facebook can lead to eating disorders.
•The incidence of body image disturbance among adolescent girls is associated with Facebook use.14

Addiction and Facebook

Can someone be addicted to Facebook? And, if so, what relationship might it have to alcohol use and substance abuse disorders? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) does not include Facebook or social media use under addiction-related disorders. However, a number of researchers have conducted studies that suggest it might be considered as an addiction. Highlights from this research include:

Connection to Addiction
•"Internet addiction causes neurological complications, psychological disturbances and social problems."15
•The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale has been developed to measure addiction to Facebook.
•Excessive Facebook use correlated with elements of addiction as well as neuroticism.16
•Nearly 10% of users display disordered social networking use.17

Excessive Facebook use can be detrimental to both a person's health and their social relationships. Individuals who delay or disrupt their sleep to engage with others on Facebook may not get the rest they need. A lack of sleep can provoke malaise, but it also can result in behavioral changes. The time spent social networking can detract from other social relationships or responsibilities. Couples, families, households and even workplace relationships can suffer when a person seems to be as excessively focused on Facebook as on the matter at hand.

How Facebook Affects Us

Facebook and other social media sites invite people to engage with one another.

Facebook users can stay in touch with friends and loved ones they do not get to see as much as they would like, as well as opportunities to meet new people with whom they might have interests, concerns or experiences in common.

Such activities may contribute to an overall sense of connection and well-being. However, given the research on social media, it is evident that certain ways of using and experiencing Facebook are complex and potentially harmful.

The research warns of the mental health risks related to excessive Facebook use and the pursuit of Facebook activities as a means to compensate for a lack of meaningful connections offline. People seem to run into problems when their Facebook activities come to replace or distort other forms of social identity and interaction.

For the person who delights in sharing with others, an absence or limited number of "likes" or "views" can be discouraging. If a person depends on those likes for validation and they are not forthcoming, or the posts are met with negative comments, the person might become anxious or depressed. The same could happen if they make a habit of comparing their own posts' popularity to those of other people.

Facebook communication is limited to what you can see and do on a screen. That is, non-verbal cues such as the gestures and facial expressions that we enjoy and process in face-to-face conversations, as well as knowledge of who exactly the audience may be, are absent. Nor do the users have to attend to their own facial expressions or body language when on Facebook. They can carefully - or not so carefully - craft the image of themselves they wish to portray. They can also carry on several conversations with different people simultaneously if they so desire.

Facebook is not the same as face-to-face interaction; distinct sets of communicative norms and expectations apply to each. Facebook cannot replace other forms of communication or meaningful social relationships.

Facebook and mental health: Hurting or helping?

Yes...depending on how it's used

Author: Julia Cottle, PhD

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